Journal of Yemen Academy for Graduate Studies
A peer-reviewed academic journal dedicated to publishing original scholarly research in Administrative Sciences, Finance and Accounting, Islamic Law and Jurisprudence, English Literature and Computer Science. Committed to rigorous academic standards and double-blind peer review, first published in 2018, the journal maintains regular biannual publication (every six months) under the auspices of the Yemeni Academy for Graduate Studies. The journal strives to advance scientific research excellence, foster intellectual discourse across humanities disciplines and welcome scholarly submissions from domestic and international researchers <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #404040; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Publication Languages: Arabic and English
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The Arabic Edition of Joseph Conrad’s Novel Heart of Darkness: A Study in Translation Quality Assessment and Evaluation
The research discusses how the translation maintains the core ideational meaning of the source text while showing significant deviations in interpersonal and textual functions. Hazeen’s domestication of the original narrative simplifies Conrad’s stylistic density and moral ambiguity. Consequently, the translation achieves partial functional equivalence—accurate in surface meaning but lacking in pragmatic and stylistic fidelity. The study concludes that while House’s model is an effective diagnostic tool for translation evaluation, its literary application requires expansion to include aesthetic, cultural, and reader-response elements.
interpersonal and textual functions, pragmatic and stylistic fidelity
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The security council's role in achieving the international peacemaking and security in light of international changes
The objective of this study to examine the role of the international Security Council in peacemaking and ensuring safety among the countries in the whole world. It is well known that the security council is the executive arm of the United Nations Organization. This study looks into the importance of the security council in international peacemaking. Also، this study considered the current role of this council given changing powers and politics. Moreover, the study looks into effects of the security council's decisions and directions, including cases where they bypassing its authority and international conventions. The study focuses on the security council's role in international peacemaking and ensuring safety through the period of the cold war and also the collapse of the Soviet Union leading to one polar power, examining advances and improvement in the international field. The hegemony of one power showed the council's imbalance which appeared in many cases through a long time, requiring restructuring of the system to restore a more just relation. Finally، this study concludes a set of findings and recommendations.
The Role of Total Quality Management in Achieving Entrepreneurship in Yemeni Pharmaceutical Companies - Municipality of Sana'a
This study aimed to identify the role of applying Total Quality Management (TQM) with its dimensions (Top Management Support, Employee Involvement, Customer Focus, Continuous Improvement, Training) in achieving Entrepreneurship with its dimensions (Proactiveness, Risk-Taking, Innovativeness, Creativity) in Yemeni pharmaceutical companies operating in the capital, Sana'a. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach. Data was collected via a questionnaire specifically designed for this purpose and distributed to the study population, which consisted of all employees in the quality departments of nine pharmaceutical companies. A total of (139) questionnaires were distributed, with (123) retrieved. Of these, (114) were valid for analysis, yielding a response rate of (82%). Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) through a set of statistical methods, including correlation analysis, linear regression, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The study yielded several key findings: The application level of TQM in the pharmaceutical companies was high at (73.27%), while the level of entrepreneurship was (69.3%), reflecting a moderate level of entrepreneurial practices. The "Continuous Improvement" dimension ranked first in terms of application, while the "Employee Involvement" dimension ranked last. Regression analysis revealed a strong, statistically significant causal relationship between TQM and entrepreneurship, with TQM explaining (76.3%) of the variance in entrepreneurship. All five TQM dimensions demonstrated a positive and statistically significant impact on entrepreneurship. The dimensions of "Customer Focus," "Employee Involvement," and "Top Management Support" were identified as the most influential in achieving entrepreneurship. Furthermore, the study showed no statistically significant differences in the respondents' perceptions of TQM's role in achieving entrepreneurship attributable to the demographic variables (gender, age, educational qualification, years of service). However, significant differences were found attributable to the "job title" variable, in favor of department managers, reflecting their higher awareness of the impact of TQM in promoting entrepreneurship in Yemeni pharmaceutical companies.
Disclosure of intangible assets and its impact on the quality of information contained in the financial statements in accordance with the requirements of International Financial Reporting Standards
This study aimed to assess the extent to which Yemeni commercial banks’ managements are aware of the importance of disclosing intangible assets. It also sought to investigate the degree of compliance with the disclosure of acquired intangible assets in accordance with the requirements of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), and to identify the level of disclosure of internally generated intangible assets based on human, structural, and relational (marketing) capital ratios and indicators, and their impact on the quality of information presented in the financial statements of Yemeni commercial banks. In addition, the study aimed to identify the obstacles that limit the disclosure of such assets.
International Financial Reporting Standards
Lost in Translation: A Translation Quality Assessment of Culture-Specific Items in the English Translation of Ali Al-Muqri's Adeni Incense
This study investigates the quality of the English translation of Ali Al-Muqri's novel Adeni Incense (bukhūr adanī) (2014), published by Dar Al Saqi and subsequently translated into English by Christiaan James and released by Dar Arab in 2023, using the House (2015) model for Translation Quality Assessment. A qualitative approach is used to highlight the cultural context of the ST and the implications of its overt and covert translation on the representation of the Yemeni global identity. The study concludes that the novel was translated overtly. Yet, some covertly translated sections demonstrate that a translation of a text rich in cultural elements can be adjusted to enhance the transference of the source-text culture. The research found the House (2015) model valuable for assessing the translation of a cultural text, especially for illuminating the relationship between language, power, and ideology.
Strategies of Translating Arabic Metaphors into English: Elias Khoury's Gate of the Sun as an Example
Translating metaphors is fraught with many obstacles. This is especially the case when translating literary works between Arabic and English. This research aims to discuss the strategies a translator adopts in rendering complex metaphors from Arabic into English. Elias Khoury's Gate of the Sun has been chosen as a case in point, where 24 examples of translated metaphors are selected. The study illustrates how the selected metaphors are either original or stock. The translator adopted two strategies when translating metaphors. The first aimed at maintaining the metaphorical force by reproducing the original metaphor in the target text, while the second involved replacing the metaphor with its ground. The translator adopts four strategies in translating stock metaphors, thus relating the analysis with the TT culture and context. The study shows that 41.7% of the selected metaphors are translated using the One-To-One Literal Translation method, whereas 41.7% of the metaphors are translated using the Literal Translation of the Meaning method, and 16.6% idiomatic translation. The researcher highlights areas where the translator makes efforts to bring about a representative rendering of the author's intended message. This study seeks to establish certain patterns used in translation that can be considered potential strategies for translators in dealing with difficult and nuanced metaphors in literary translation.
Challenges Related to Determining Taxes on Electronic Commerce A Field Study on the Executive Unit for Taxes on large Taxpayers
The study aimed to identify the challenges related to determining the tax on e-commerce within the Executive Unit for Taxes on Large Taxpayers, focusing on four main dimensions: tax challenges associated with the nature of e-commerce, legislative and legal challenges, infrastructure-related challenges, and challenges concerning the availability of qualified tax personnel. These dimensions were discussed in terms of their impact on determining the appropriate tax for e-commerce. The study concentrated on the specific challenges of determining e-commerce taxes in Yemen, employing a descriptive-analytical approach and utilizing a questionnaire for data collection. The questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 170 employees from the Executive Unit for Taxes on Large Taxpayers, most of whom held technical positions (inspector, auditor, head department). The findings revealed that accounting challenges—related to the nature of e-commerce, legislative and legal issues, infrastructure, and the availability of qualified tax personnel—affect the determination of e-commerce taxation. The study found a positive correlation between these various accounting challenges and the process of determining e-commerce taxes. Additionally, it highlighted the need for a networked connection between the Tax Authority and various entities involved in e-commerce, as well as the necessity to develop tax legislation and align tax collection mechanisms with the advancements in e-commerce, given that the current tax legislation does not keep pace with these developments. The study recommended establishing an integrated system linking the tax administration with entities concerned with e-commerce to facilitate information exchange and accurately account for e-commerce transactions. It also suggested drafting and adopting new legislation or amending existing laws to address the specific nature of e-commerce transactions, thereby closing legal gaps that lead to revenue loss. Furthermore, the study emphasized the importance of training tax personnel in tracking and accounting for e-commerce transactions.
The Role of E-management in the Application of Administrative Empowerment in Public Telecommunications Corporation
This study aimed at understanding the role of E-management requirements as an independent variable (technical, financial, administrative, and organizational requirements, and finally, human resource requirements) in the application of administrative empowerment -dependent variable in the Public Telecommunications Corporation of Yemen (PTC). In order to achieve the objective of this study, a measuring tool (questionnaire) was developed. To analyze the data, the questionnaire was distributed to 307 employees from various job levels within the corporation, out of a total of 1,522 employees at the corporation's headquarters. The results of the study showed that this relationship is a positive relationship of an average level, as no statistically significant differences in the views of the sample study between the level of availability management requirements of electronic attributable to demographic variables (gender, practical experience), and there is no such differences according to the variables (age, educational qualification, functional level), Results, also, showed that no statistically significant differences in the views of a sample study between the application of administrative empowerment level due to the variable (Qualification) and there is no such differences according to demographic variables (gender, age, work experience, job level).
E-government requirements (Technical, Financial, Administrative and Organizational, Human Resources)
Yemen Public Telecommunications Corporation
The Impact of Information Security Risks on The Accounting Systems of The Central Bank of Yemen *
This study aimed to explore the impact of information security and confidentiality risks on the accounting system at the Central Bank of Yemen. The study adopted a descriptive and analytical approach in both its theoretical and field aspects. The study tool, a questionnaire, was designed based on a theoretical framework derived from previous relevant studies. The questionnaire was used to collect primary data from the study population—the Central Bank of Yemen—with (112) questionnaires distributed to a purposive sample of accountants, internal auditors, and IT department employees. The study results showed the following: - Information security risks clearly impact the Central Bank's accounting systems, as a result of weak system security, the absence of effective procedures to control the entry of non-specialists into the IT department, especially employees who must be subject to periodic inspection, and the use of unlicensed or pirated security software. - Information security risks affect accounting systems due to the lack of continuous employee training on the importance of addressing information security risks, and the absence of clear instructions for destroying reports extracted from systems after their intended purpose has been served.
Translation Profession in Yemen in Light of Recent Technological Developments: Challenges and Responses to the Use of CAT Tools by Translators
This paper aims to investigate the challenges of using modern translation technology by translators in Yemen and their responses to these recent developments. It particularly explores the challenges of using CAT tools, the factors that determine the adoption of these tools, and their impact on translators’ performance. To achieve these objectives, the study followed a mixed quantitative and qualitative method of inquiry. The study population included all translators in Sana’a city, Yemen. A questionnaire was administrated to a sample of 66 translators who were selected randomly. The collected data was processed through SPSS program and then analyzed. The results revealed that (87.7%) of the sample showed some awareness of CAT tools; and (54.4%) of the sample are using the programs and their attitudes were largely positive, while 45.6% of the participants do not use CAT tools. The results also showed factors that motivate translators to use CAT tools to facilitate their work, improve their performance, increase productivity and enhance the quality of translation products. The study concludes that translators’ responses to the use of CAT tools on their work was largely positive, while those translators who use CAT tools encounter various challenges. The study also concludes with a set of recommendations for translators, agencies, and universities the most important of which are related to integrating modern translation technology in the curricula of translation programs and conducting workshops, training courses and conferences on CAT Tools to increase awareness among translators and help them to improve their performance and the quality of their translations.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Role of Banks in Combating Money Laundry Crimes in the Yemeni Law
In fact, money laundering was not criminalized by the Yemeni legislation and other legislators in many countries, as criminalization was confined to illegal activities that results in illegal money subject to laundering. Hence, because of the danger of money laundering on economic, security, political and social aspects, it became necessary to put in place a special legislation to criminalize such activity and punish the perpetrator. This terminology has been circulated in all local, regional and international forums interested in economic crimes because of the new world order called globalization, which led to liberalizing markets, increase mobility of economic activity, freeing foreign trade and capital transfer between countries without financial and administrative restrictions. This phenomenon has been accompanied by an influx of funds resulting from illegal activities that the perpetrators seek to hide their source to avoid confiscation, by carrying out fictitious economic activities. Such activity poses a great threat to local and international investment and harms the credibility of well-known economic foundations. Reliance to detect those crimes was focused primarily on the banks in which the movement of those funds revolved. Therefore, the aim of this study is to clarify the role of banks in monitoring money laundering and methods of its control, and indicate the most appropriate legal means to punish money laundering in light of the relevant laws. At the end, the study provided a number of conclusions and recommendations.
The Role of Digital Transformation in Improving the Performance of Private Universities in the Republic of Yemen From the Point of View of Academic Leaders
This study aims to identify the concept of digital transformation as perceived in private universities in the Republic of Yemen, highlight its importance, its benefits and tools, and to know the direction of private universities regarding digital transformation in education, It also aims to highlight the role of digital transformation in the development of private universities. The study found through a sample of private universities located in Sana’a city, that private universities in Yemen do not pay much attention to the organizational and human requirements for digital transformation. It also revealed lack of support of administrative leaders in those universities for digital transformation, with limited attention in the strategic plan for digital transformation in addition to weak technical infrastructure. The study recommended the necessity of supporting digital transformation by leaders in private universities, and increase interest in its technical requirements as well as providing a high-speed and broadband internet network in university campuses.
Freedom of Media to Ensure the Integrity of Election in Accordance with International Standards
The importance of freedom of the mass media to ensure integrity of elections in accordance with international standards comes primarily because of its connection to democracy, and its role in building the modern state based on preserving the individual’s rights and freedoms. The issue relates also to the relationship between elections, which are the mechanism and image - in which democracy is embodied - and Freedom of the media in elections and the role of the media in ensuring the integrity of elections in light of international standards whether binding or indicative, codified by the international civil society institutions, or the product of the internal experiences in countries that took the lead in practicing democracy.
The National Strategy suggested for Customs Smuggling Compact: applied study on Customs Enforcement-Yemeni Customs authority
The main objective of this study is to examine the role of National Strategy suggested for Customs smuggling compact, as to limit smuggling affects on Customs revenues, and health affects causing people's concerns other chronical diseases. the importance of the study is based on examining the current situation for smuggling activities through analysing the main factors contributed to the high spread of smuggling activities, and their related ways and methods in which goods and equipment sintered into the Yemeni markets without passing through customs ports and offices without paying customs and tax duties, or inspecting the imported goods for quality and standardization perspectives. in achieving the study objective concerning the national Strategy suggested for compacting custom smuggling, it relies on a sample of (103), representing all customs officers heading department and above in the hierarchy to collect all needed data related to current role for customs compact, and the components of the national strategy suggested for compact smuggling, all of which then analysed leading to the findings.
Export Promotion and Its Role in Economic Development in the Republic of Yemen During (2001 – 2014)
The study dealt with the importance of exports and their role in achieving economic development and in supporting economic stability. The study also discussed the development of investment and savings in the Republic of Yemen, in addition to using the three gaps model to estimate the three gaps that restrict investment and growth represented by the savings gap, trade gap (foreign exchange) and the financial gap. The study addressed the most important tangible exports (agricultural and fisheries exports, oil and gas exports), intangible exports (tourism receipts and expatriate remittances), and the problems that limit its ability to increase foreign exchange flows, and means of its development, using the descriptive and analytical approach in the study. the study concluded that exports have an important role in economic development, through increasing foreign exchange flows needed to finance investment projects. The study also concluded that the savings gap was the ruling gap during the years 2002 and 2003, while the three gaps achieved a surplus during the years 2001, 2004, 2005, and the trade (foreign exchange) gap was the ruling and restricting gap for investment and growth during the period 2006-2014, which means that foreign exchange flows were the ruling restriction on investment in the Republic of Yemen. Hence, it is necessary to pay attention to the development of foreign exchange sources so that the country could achieve its economic and social development.
The Destructive Role of the Unconscious in Khalid Hosseini’s And The Mountains Echoed
This paper is about the role of the unconscious, a psychoanalytic concept, in shaping the life of Abdullah in Khaled Hosseini’s And The Mountains Echoed. This study simply examines the destructive effect the unconscious does possess on the lives of human beings and how it is strong enough to ruin and dominate people’s life, if not controlled by the unconscious, from the beginning till the end, as in Abdullah’s case. The main two characters in And The Mountains Echoed suffer from some forced separation and loss of interconnectedness, the ghost of which haunts the life of poor Abdullah leading him to live an irritable and unstable life. This study proves that the unconscious can recall and interact with repressed memories when time and life could have by far erased and healed wounds left by past memories, if fought and accepted, as the human being grows older, wiser and stronger. Yet, the alerted painful memories are activated and start to interact with the present life details and memories. Hence, it is difficult for the human being to separate past from present as this leads to living the painful past events once again but with the older version of the self.
Polygamy in Islam: An Obligatory Duty or a Permitted Marital Option
This study presents the linguistic and terminological definition of polygamy, its ruling, evidence of its legitimacy and conditions. Is polygamy an absolute obligation in marriage, or is it sufficient to have one woman only? It also introduces the definition of Alwajib Alkfai (non-obligatory duty) and the Muslim scholars’ response to the claims of the followers of the Western intellectual invasion. The study attempts also to highlight the appropriate method that helps in solving the increasing problem of spinsterhood, showing how men can be convinced to have polygamy, and how the first wife can be convinced to accept that the presence of a second wife would be in her favour and not against her. The study also explores the reasons that have led to the increase in the number of unmarried women, including the following: 1- The natural increase in the number of females over males, which results in the increase in spinsterhood. 2- The death of men in wars, which increases the number of widows. 3- The majority of women are ready for marriage, while the majority of men are not. 4- The increasing rate of divorce cases. 5- The living (economic) conditions of men. 6- Women are competing men in public and private jobs, which leads to increasing the rate of unemployment among men. As a result, men become incapable to propose to the woman’s guardian.
Mimation and Nunation: A Comparative Phonetic Study
This research aims to address the phenomenon of mimation existed in the Ancient Yemen Language Inscriptions. It seeks to compare between it and the nunation phenomenon of Standard Arabic Language Literature. The research has benefited from the Semitic languages – or the languages of the Arabian Peninsula –which highlight both branches of Arabic Language phenomena. The research also focuses on the definitions of nunation and mimation, noting the close phonetic connection between (m) and (n) phonemes, with mentioning which one of the morphemes has the precedency in linguistic use, referencing to noun mimation and nunation cases, Elision and epenthesis places, and semantic origin. All this will be based on the available inscriptions, supported by the available data of the Semitic studies, especially that data which was provided by the Standard Arabic language studies on the phenomenon of nunation. The research reached at a number of conclusions, of which the following are the most significant: Mimation is similar to nunation. Their similarity is enhanced in their phonetic aspect, depending on the extent of alteration existing between (m) and (n) sounds. Furthermore, mimation is more precedent than nunation, as evidenced by its presence in the Semitic Language as of its earliest origin. In view of noun mimation and nunation, the research has found linguistic evidence that assert the close connection between both two Arabic Language versions in noun mimation and nunation. The places of mimation and nunation elision are almost the same. Although there has not been adequate study for Ancient Yemeni Language linguistic phenomena, the research has found, while researching mimation and nunation parts, confirmed instances of mimation parts which are consistent with nunation parts. The research also found unconfirmed instances or instances that lack further linguistic evidence, especially in the field of poetry. On the semantic aspect of mimation and nunation usage, the research preferred, among the three opinions on this aspect, that the semantic origin of mimation and nunation is their definition. With passage of time, and development of new linguistic mediums that indicate the definition, this was forgotten. Thus, mimation (m) and nunation(n) morphemes became a part of noun negation symbols unlike their original use.
Outcomes of the National Dialogue Conference in Yemen: Between Agreement and Disagreement: An Analytical Reading of the Political Forces' Visions on the Form of the State
Dialogue is a smooth way that informs you of the different opinions. Yemenis have resorted to dialogue as a response to continue their lives, including indulging in the National Dialogue Conference launched on 18/3/2013. Political parties participated in the conference through 565 participants who presented their views about the most important political issues. Discussions focused on the political, administrative and electoral aspects of the state that would be acceptable. This study shows that the form of the new state would not come from emulating other country's experience, but from creating an appropriate form of the modern Yemeni State. This study has raised a number of questions about the form of the state, including visions of various political parties participating in the conference, common grounds and disputes, related reasons that prevented reaching an agreement and the external influence that led to aborting the conference. The study investigated discussions on an acceptable electoral system and the future outlook into the political life in Yemen. The structure of the study is laid out as follows: - Section 1: introduction and methodology of the study. - Section 2: vision of the political parties on the form of the state. - Section 3: analysis of the above mentioned visions. - Section 4: creating an acceptable form of the state, reasons preventing a political agreement and last the conclusion and way forward.
Features of Sound Administrative Governance in Nahj Al-Blagaha by Imam Ali: An Analytical Study
This study aims to highlight the sound administrative governance in the Islamic thought of Imam Ali as manifested in Nahig Al- Blagaha, and more specifically in Al-ahd, which is a testament submitted to Malek Ibn Al-hareth Al-nahkeei known as Al-Ashtar when appointed to rule Egypt after the chaotic period of Mohammed Bin Ibi Bakr. The items of Al-Ahd were closely analyzed in such a way as to figure out the principles and bases of sound administrative governance based on Imam Ali’s experience in governance as a caliph and ruler of a very vast state. Actually Al-Ahd was an endeavor to outline the sound administrative governance during an era in Islamic history featured by its complexities, similar to the political situation the Islamic and Arab world is going through. Some of the modern international forms of sound governance have been studied and discussed, and comparisons were made with AL-Ahd in Nahj Al-Balagah; to see that they do not differ from Al-Ahd’s. However, Al-Ahd’s items prove far better as they include the principles of sound administrative governance of today's political systems. This study employs a comparative analytical methodology as it compares the items of Nahj Al-Balagah and those of the present time. The study comes up with the following results that there are many concepts and terminology in our Islamic heritage, which if studied closely and applied correctly will solve most our today's administrative and political issues. The principles that systemize the relationship between the ruler and the people on the different layers of governance could be extracted in the different aspects of life i-e economically, socially; thus ensures sustainable development featured by equality and the well-being of the community. The present study recommends restudying the political Islamic heritage subjectively to dig up the principles of sound administrative governance in the Arab World. This will establish for a comprehensive political Islamic system that manifests the spirit of Islam, Holy Quran and the prophet tradition. This will help replace the current political systems that have resulted in hatred and division among Muslims.
The role of the administrative judge in proving administrative disputes and their effects: a comparative study
In legislation related to administrative articles, proof has a special character represented in having the administration as a primary party in and administrative claim. Any administration enjoys the privileges of the public authority that renders it a strong party in the dispute. In fact, in most times, it becomes the defendant compared to the position of the individual who stands defenseless with no evidence. This resulted in issuing special rules and procedures for proofing in administrative litigation, the most important of which are related to the authority of the judge in administrative cases, especially with regards to the burden of proof. The study showed that the role of the judge in the elements of proof is two-fold; he exercises a procedural role related to the preparation and progress of the case together with verifying the validity of documents and administrative papers, whereas the objective role relates to the extraction of judicial evidence which contributes to alleviating the general rule of the burden of proof. The most important of those evidences are deviation from authority, complete knowledge and mistakes in upholding responsibility. This role also holds important implications, especially with regards to the authority of the judge in this regard, in addition to his/her positive role through intervention to mitigate the unjust effects of the burden of proof in the proof phase. The research concluded with a number of findings and recommendations, the most important of which is that: the introduction means of proof in civil matters must be to the extent that is commensurate with the nature of administrative articles governed by the doctrine of free evidence, considering that it is compatible with the powers of the judge in general, and the administrative proof in particular. The Yemeni and Moroccan legislators do not adopt this system, preferring as other contemporary legislators a mixed doctrine as in Egypt. A system that is consistent with evidence in civil cases. This situation reflects absence of legal text related to evidence in administrative disputes and limited specialized courts in administrative cases. The Yemeni judiciary is based on the unity of judiciary and litigation, hence administrative disputes are subject to the civil law and the judge will apply the Civil Evidence Law. We recommend to the Yemeni and Moroccan legislators to enact a law for administrative procedures specific to administrative judiciary and separated from the civil procedures law to incorporate all related issues. Also, it becomes imperative to establish a legal system for proof in administrative cases, as the application of general rules of proof to the ordinary administrative lawsuit violates the rights of the parties in the administrative dispute as well as the administrative law itself.
Compulsory arbitration and its impact on settling labor disputes in Yemeni legislation
This study deals with Compulsory Arbitration and its impact on the settlement of labour disputes. It tackles two important questions; the first is to what extent this approach of settling disputes is constitutional? The second is about arbitration's nature; whether it is judicial or arbitral. The study aims at examining the Yemeni Labour Compulsory Arbitration Law and its relation with the Yemeni Constitution, showing its legal nature and acknowledging the shortcomings of labour committees. The study adopts a descriptive and analytical methodology and is divided into two parts. The first focuses on what is arbitration, whereas the second looks into labour disputes and the committees of settlement. The study ends with some conclusions, the most important of which are the unconstitutionality of settlement committees and deficiencies in the substantive and procedural provisions regulating labour disputes. These deficiencies have a negative impact on the rights of workers. Consequently, this leads to failing to achieve the legislator' purpose of establishing these committees, which is speeding adjudication of cases. Thus, the study recommends the abolition of arbitration committees calling for establishing special judicial courts for quick adjudicating of labour cases.
Estimating the elbow error in light of administrative judiciary rulings: a comparative study
Usually, individuals in every society resort to public authorities to get their needs, as the administration or public authority has a representative and moral status resulting from the law of its inception. However, these authorities are not able to perform their objectives except by natural persons as its employees in order to manage the public facility to provide services to the public. It may happen that individuals from the public are harmed or their interests are harmed as a result of faults committed by employees of public authorities. One of its employees may make a fault that causes harm to individuals, hence the public facility must be asked about this fault as long as it is related to the public facility`s responsibility. Damage may also occur due to a fault whose perpetrator cannot be identified, while all employees perform their duties without negligence. It is inevitable that fault is related to the organization of the facility itself, but it is not possible to know the exact responsible employee. Hence, the fault will be attributed to the facility and will be considered a public facility fault. Undoubtedly, this indicates negligence by the facility, so it must bear the responsibility and held accountable. Whether the fault can be attributed to a particular employee or not, the facility itself is held responsible for compensating the harm caused. Since the fault is the main pillar for establishing the administrative responsibility, this is what prompted this study to discuss the fault in terms of its nature, form, scope, degree of severity and how it is evaluated by the administrative judiciary in the countries of dual judiciary. The study also considers the extent to which the Yemeni judiciary is affected by the administrative court rulings.
The Role of Finance in Rationalizing Public Spending: An Applied Study of the Ministry of Finance in the Republic of Yemen
The objective of this research is to explain the role of financial control in organizing the public spending, as an applied study on Ministry of Finance in the Republic of Yemen, as supervision is of great importance in the financial field, because of its constructive role in detecting imbalances and deviations. In addition, the study will focus on determining the causes of deviations and imbalances and ways to treat them to reduce their recurrence in future. The study relied on the descriptive approach, in addition to the analytical approach through the questionnaire and statistical analysis using the SPSS program. Results showed statistically significant role for financial control in the rationalization of public spending at the Ministry of Finance, and that financial control is not efficient nor effective to carry out its supervisory work. In addition, the study showed that Ministry of Finance does not use the latest modern financial control methods. Based on these results, the study presented important recommendations, including the need for supervisory staff with a set of qualities such as integrity and professional behavior, which would lead to activating the role of financial control. In addition, the study highlighted the importance of using the latest methods of financial control, especially in exchange operations.
ENHANCED VERTUAL OUTPUT QUEUE MANAGEMENT FOR SLOTTED WDM OPTICAL RING NETWORK
This paper presents a novel algorithm to enhance the performance of the Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM) dual ring network. The proposed Enhanced Virtual Output Queues Management (EVOQM) algorithm provides an elevated fairness for unicast and multicast data in the network and in addition provides extended QoS support. This proposed algorithm optimizes a collaborative resource management strategy to enhance the utilization of network resources and ensures the requested QoS pre-requisites are guaranteed. The realization of this strategy has been achieved by the reduction of the packet loss (i.e. maximizing the total value of transferred packets) in the network. Thus, leading to the improvement of the throughput while adhering to the delay pre-requisites. The performance evaluation of the EVOQM has been done through a detailed and extensive simulation analysis. Metrics of network throughput, packet loss and delay measures, have been the main basis for the acquired results.
Osborne's Look Back in Anger: Lamenting the Downfall of the British Empire
The main objective of this research is to study John Osborne’s play Look Back in Anger (1956) and to investigate the implicit theme of lamenting the downfall of the British Empire that resides in the external and obvious theme of anger and discontent that the play is replete with. The research comprises two main parts: the first part is a prelusion about the historical period in which the British Empire began to degrade. There is also a brief summary about Osborne’s drama that elucidates, in a way or another, the theme of the downfall. The second part of the research is devoted to the analysis of the play and to present how the theme of lamenting the downfall is manifested through Jimmy Porter’s and Colonel Redfern’s sense of nostalgia to the Edwardian flourishing era; comparing to the then post-war period in which Great Britain comes to lose its national identity as well as its supremacy as a leading world power. The research comes to conclusion that the play is considered as a turning point in the history of the mid twentieth century British drama. It stands as an elegy to lament the downfall of the British Empire. It could be classified within the post-colonial literature.
Nature of Prefixes in Arabic: A Proposed Classification
Arabic prefixes are one of the most neglected areas in the modern linguistic literature of Arabic. This paper aims to investigate the nature of prefixes in Arabic, and propose a classification for their types and subtypes. This is achieved by defining the potential grammatical and/or semantic functions of prefixes in Arabic through examining their common occurrences in different Arabic contexts. On the basis of their potential functions, types and subtypes of Arabic prefixes are outlined and discussed. It was found that prefixes in Arabic, as in many other languages, are a basic linguistic feature that influences grammar and meaning. Arabic prefixes, as proposed by this study, can be classified into three basic types; particle prefixes, inflectional prefixes and derivational prefixes. It is true that the second and third types might be present in many other languages, but the first type might not, which might make this study interesting. That is, for particles, including prepositions and conjunctions, to be prefixed to words may not exist in many other languages. Particle prefixes can be, then, considered a distinctive linguistic feature for Arabic language. The study concludes with recommending further researches to be conducted in the area of Arabic affixation in general, and in the semantic variations of particle prefixes in different contexts, in particular.
Influence of Culture on Participation in Decision-Making Processes: A Comparative Study between Yemeni and English Universities and Firms
This research empirically examines the influence of cultural participation in decision-making. It discusses the effect of cultural dimensions on the patterns of decision-making between some selected Yemeni and English organizations. In investigating this concern, 20 decisions in four matched Yemeni and English organizations representing widely different cultures are compared and then analyzed through using a comparative case study to examine whether cultural or organizational factors can explain patterns of participation in decision-making processes at the level of organizations studied in both Yemeni and English cultures. The influence of cultural dimensions on these organizations manifests in the way organizations stress the importance of participation in decision-making processes. Participation is examined through involvement and influence elements. The findings show that there are two patterns of participation in decision-making processes. These two patterns demonstrate participation framework for organizational processes in the two Yemeni and English cultures. Thus, the main contribution of this study, other than searching in limited area of research, is to provide an empirical investigation concerning participation patterns in decision-making in relation to Yemeni and English universities and textiles organizations. The framework suggested provides empirical explanation for patterns of participation in decision-making within organizations at the same culture, and then compared across organizational decisions processes in both English and Yemeni culture. These patterns of participation, along with other related organizational factors are discussed in more detail in this study.
Local Governance in Yemen: Six Decades of Disarray
The domain of this research is the study, analysis and comparison of laws and legislations regulating the domestic affairs in Yemen from the early sixties of the past century up to date. The research looks into the wrong orientation of the laws and regulations regarding domestic affairs during the different phases, starting with looking into titles of each regulation and including details of the mechanism of forming national authorities and their mandates. It becomes clear through this research that the majority of legislations of the 1990s, for instance Law No. 52/1991 regarding the national authority, were more developed and mature than the in-force Law No. 4/2000 regarding the national authority. The same is true with the propaganda that followed the so-called "national government system" as an official trend since 2007 up to date, despite risks and defaults in its mechanism for administering the internal domain. This has been embodied by the issuance of the National Strategy of Local Governance 2008-2015. National Governance jumped again to the fore front through adding it to the list of the National vision for Building the New State of Yemen. This research finally reaches to several outcomes and recommendations which the researcher believes to have a role in creating an active mechanism for administering the national domain that benefits from the Yemeni experience in that field for almost six decades, leading to avoiding the quasi and instable conditions witnessed during that period.
The ruling on credit cards in Islamic law
This study aims to study Islamic Sharia Rule on credit cards through identifying credit cards, types, benefits, costs, parties relationship, and relavant agreements, as well as legitimacy of the contracts between the parties on one hand and legitimacy of using the card through verifying the relationship between the issuer of the card and its holder as well as between the issuer and the retailer, thus coming to a conclusion about legitimacy of credit cards and other related issues. The study reached many results, the most important of which are: - Legitimacy of issuing debit cards, as they do not violate Sharia. - Issuing credit cards indulge in usury. - Charging fees on issuing, renewing and replacement of cards is legitimate, because it is related to the number of times using the cards, but rather for the right given by issuer to the user. - Legitimacy of buying gold and silver by the debit card, as its transactions are considered instant payments. Study Recommendations - The government should have a main role with the private sector in issuing those cards, not letting this process to be administered solely by the private sector. - Islamic banks should establish their own organization instead of dealing with Visa or other organization. - Reconsider cards' contracts and means of issuing and using them.